This article discusses the issue of public accusations and slander in Machiavelli’s Discorsi. It is argued that the ordering of public prosecution strengthened control over social conflicts that could be harmful to the exercise of civil freedom. This institution prevented dissensions between the plebs and the nobility from resulting in social disorders that could make the body politic sick. It describes the role of public accusations and how slander could interfere with the stability of the republic. The analysis was guided (...) by the reading of chapters 7 and 8 of book I of Discorsi. In Rome, acussations resulted in punishment and slander was controlled, un like what happened in Florence, Machiavelli’s hometown. (shrink)

Concepts stand at the centre of human cognition. We use concepts in categorizing objects and events in the world, in reasoning and action, and in social interaction. It is therefore not surprising that the study of concepts constitutes a central area of research in philosophy and psychology, yet only recently have the two disciplines developed greater interaction. Recent experiments in psychology that test the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning have found a great deal of variation, across individuals and (...) cultures, in categorization behaviour. Meanwhile, philosophers of language and mind have investigated the semantic properties of concepts, and how concepts are related to linguistic meaning and linguistic communication. A key motivation behind this was the idea that concepts must be shared across individuals and cultures. With the dawn of experimental philosophy, the proposal that the experimental data from psychology lacks relevance to semantics is increasingly difficult to defend. -/- This volume brings together leading psychologists and philosophers to advance the interdisciplinary debate on the role of concepts in categorizing and reasoning, the relationship between concepts and linguistic meaning and communication, the challenges conceptual variation poses to communication, and the social and political effects of conceptual change. (shrink)

Resumo Ensaio expositivo e interpretativo das perguntas sobre a natureza humana e das respostas que o pensamento moderno, em Merlin Donald e outros, vai dando. A perspetiva fisicalista, neurobiológica, é analisada a partir de Joseph LeDoux, e outros, comentando as suas teses principais. É dada ênfase particular à evolução das capacidades da mente humana na transição da cultura mimética para a cultura oral, a criação mítica e o advento da escrita e das outras formas de cultura exterior simbólica. Na crítica (...) ao monismo fisicalista é discutido o que se pode entender por qualia e de que modo este entendimento justifica a aceitação de um “hiato explicativo” como o pensam Urbano Sidoncha e outros autores. É abordada a relação entre Pensamento e Linguagem a partir de Lev Vygotsky. Considerando a ética como um qualia procura-se fixar, empiricamente, a diferença entre ética e eticidade como contraponto à diferença entre autoconsciência e consciência cognitiva. Como proposta final é apresentada uma pergunta radical e oferecida uma temerária resposta sobre o possível conhecimento total da natureza humana. Palavras-chave : autoconsciência, consciência, ética, palavra, qualiaExpository and interpretive essay of the questions on human nature and the responses that modern thought, in Merlin Donald et al., has been producing. The physicalist, neurobiological perspective is analysed as from Joseph LeDoux et al., by commenting on his main theses. Particular emphasis is given to the evolution of the human mind’s capacities in the transition from the mimetic culture to the oral culture, the mythical creation and the advent of writing and the other forms of external symbolic culture. In the critique of the physicalist monism, one discusses what can be understood by qualia and how this understanding justifies the acceptance of an ‘explanatory hiatus’ such as Urbano Sidoncha and other authors think. The relationship between Thought and Language, as from Lev Vygotsky, is addressed. Considering ethics as a qualia, one tries to establish, in an empirical way, the difference between ethics and ethicity in contrast to the difference between self-consciousness and cognitive consciousness. As a final proposition, an extreme question is raised and a daring answer is put forward on the possible full knowledge of human nature. Keywords : awareness, consciousness, ethics, qualia, word. (shrink)

A linguagem de comunicabilidade da imagética barroca expressa-se com inesperado ênfase no caso de uma desconhecida tela que representa Jesus Cristo perante Caifás e a negação de S. Pedro, num altar do Convento dos frades eremitas paulistas da vila de Portel. Pintada cerca de 1660, essa tela, que se inspira numa estampa nórdica de Schelte a Bolswert segundo modelo caravagesco de Gerard Seghers, leva a colocar a questão do papel assumido pela gravura italo­flamenga (a estampa solta e a estampa de (...) livro) na construção de uma imagética contra-reformista ao serviço da militância católica e do convencimento das populações em larga escala. A peça, que é devida, segundo se crê, a um secundário pintor proto-barroco de nome João da Cunha, morador em Beja, reforça a ideia do interesse da nossa pintura regional por cânones de influência caravagesca, uma tendência quase ignorada na arte portuguesa do século XVII. A pintura de Portel mostra uma narração para serviço do convencimento e revela-se um qualifi­cado painel de devoção, inspirado em modelo tenebrista de Seghers, com o seu dinâmico grupo de figuras a la candela que assiste ao trecho bíblico. Testemunha-se um caso de encomenda religiosa periférica que, apesar do seu grau aparente de vulgaridade, assume, através da utiliza­ção de uma estampa de sinal erudito, a experiência da inovação possível e as possibilidades da reconversão imagética do modelo, a fim de melhor servir o rigorismo do seu impacto visual. (shrink)

Social constructionist claims are surprising and interesting when they entail that presumably natural kinds are in fact socially constructed. The claims are interesting because of their theoretical and political importance. Authors like Díaz-León argue that constitutive social construction is more relevant for achieving social justice than causal social construction. This paper challenges this claim. Assuming there are socially salient groups that are discriminated against, the paper presents a dilemma: if there were no constitutively constructed social kinds, the causes of the (...) discrimination of existing social groups would have to be addressed, and understanding causal social construction would be relevant to achieve social justice. On the other hand, not all possible constitutively socially constructed kinds are actual social kinds. If an existing social group is constitutively constructed as a social kind K, the fact that it actually exists as a K has social causes. Again, causal social construction is relevant. The paper argues that (i) for any actual social kind X, if X is constitutively socially constructed as K, then it is also causally socially constructed; and (ii) causal social construction is at least as relevant as constitutive social construction for concerns of social justice. For illustration, I draw upon two phenomena that are presumed to contribute towards the discrimination of women: (i) the poor performance effects of stereotype threat, and (ii) the silencing effects of gendered language use. (shrink)

This paper tries to synthesize the a priori foundations of Kant’s autonomy principle, deciphering its sense and epistemic value, from the Critique of Practical Reason to the Foundations of Metaphysics of Customs.

Em vez de considerarem o problema da distinção entre Natureza e Paisagem, posição típica das teorias de Georg Simmel e de Joachim Ritter, os debates contemporâneos incidem sobretudo na questão da naturalidade do natural, e em particular na possibilidade de restituir à paisagem a naturalidade perdida.

Educational policy and social sciences researchers have been studying dishonest behaviors among students for a long time. In this bibliometric study we examine the extant literature on academic dishonesty until 2017. We also analyze the specific case of the literature on plagiarism since it is arguably one of the most common academic dishonest behavior. We aim at identifying the intellectual structure of the field of academic dishonesty and plagiarism. Results show that Donald L. McCabe and Richard L. Marsh appear as (...) the most productive authors. Furthermore, Whitley, 235–274, 1998) “Factors associated with cheating among college students: A review”, and Pennycook, 201–230, 1996), entitled “Borrowing others’ words: Text, ownership, memory, and plagiarism” are the most cited publications on academic dishonesty and on plagiarism, respectively. Additionally, a strong connection between the McCabe and Treviño articles emerged from the co-citation analysis on academic dishonesty, and also a strong relationship between Pennycook, 201–230, 1996) and Pecorari, 317–345, 2003), suggesting that these articles are strongly connected. Results suggest that these are the most influential authors and articles of the field. (shrink)

A survey conducted among 50 members of the Los Angeles Workforce, all within the age range of 20-50 years, and with a minimum of 2 years of work experience and a minimum of 2 years of college education, delivered results that may be of interest to managers in their efforts to enhance workers' satisfaction and successfully transcend the challenges of these times. The focus of this study was on values that mattered most in challenging times to members of the workforces. (...) The hypothesis that inner-and inter-human aspects would be considered more important than money and status in such times was highly supported, with values such as love and relationships, and positive motivation, in an overwhelming lead. While financial worries were undoubtedly considered, it was underscored that in times of trouble, employees reach inwardly and outwardly to inner-human and inter-human connectedness. (shrink)

This paper suggests an answer to a rarely approached question on the model known as the Moving Spotlight Theory. Its advantage lies in that it adds to the debate a clear view of the kind of nature that might correspond to the ‘moving spotlight’ responsible for the passage of time. More specifically, our theory indicates clearly what kind of thing about which the model’s spotlight can tell us. The paper’s main goal is not the defense of the moving spotlight as (...) a theory itself, but an approach for understanding the metaphor at the core of this theory. To achieve our purpose, we bring to the main thesis and promote the union of two components: a) the present is the awareness of our mental states and b) the flow of our awareness or our mental states should correspond to the passage of time and to the spotlight itself. We hope to indicate what is required to correspond to the “spotlight” in an illuminating way and address anticipated difficulties. (shrink)

O presente artigo aborda, em leitura comparada, alguns aspectos centrais da filosofia da religião de Ludwig Feuerbach e de Georg Simmel. Para além das diferentes orientações filosóficas, aproxima-os uma perspectiva genética que reconduz as religiões historicamente instituídas à sua fonte na subjetividade. Na origem da religião estão a fé viva e a religiosidade, expressões da experiência vivida que incluem dimensões não intelectuais, como o sentimento e a emoção. Ao aceder a zonas não conceptualizáveis do ser humano, a filosofia da religião (...) trava estreitas articulações com a antropologia, explicitamente defendidas por Feuerbach e subjacentes em immel. Nos três primeiros pontos, o artigo analisa os desenvolvimentos do método regressivo que conduz da religião até o núcleo da religiosidade. Nos pontos finais, acentua a divergências entre as duas visões de mundo, sendo que Simmel defende a assunção de um núcleo metafísico na alma humana, e Feuerbach aponta à transformação dos impulsos religiosos em realização intersubjetiva e comunitária da humanidade. Palavras-chave: Ludwig Feuerbach. Georg Simmel. Religião. Sentimento. Antropologia. (shrink)

The number and scale of business associations focused on corporate responsibility and sustainability has grown dramatically in recent decades and they are becoming influential actors in both national and international governance. Yet surprisingly little research exists on such organizations and recognition of the organizational lineage they share with special interest groups is yet to be examined—are industry business associations merely lobbies for their members’ own interests or are they viable self-regulatory institutions capable of addressing contemporary social and sustainability issues? This (...) paper identifies and reviews fragmented insights from literatures that address this question. Drawing on various streams of research within the political science, economics and management disciplines that provide diverse lenses on the phenomenon of business associations, it juxtaposes and groups them into two broad perspectives: business associations as special interest groups that are detrimental to society ; business associations as self-regulatory institutions capable of addressing contemporary challenges. (shrink)

This paper explores how João de Andrade Corvo and José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage, two nineteenth-century Portuguese naturalists, were able to reach prominent political positions in their country by means of their work in, respectively, botany and agriculture, and zoology. The authority they derived from their scientific activities and the knowledge they acquired in the process, favored by their proximity to particular political quarters, elevated them to important governmental offices, in the context of which they implemented policies that reinforced Portugal’s (...) identity as an imperial nation. The colonial policies and agreements signed by Corvo and Bocage aimed at securing Portuguese colonial territories, which, aside from their economic relevance, constituted a symbol of power that reinforced the sovereignty of a small nation in a Europe dominated by the rule of increasingly vaster and stronger states. In spite of their different scientific careers and personal interests, both naturalists played key roles in Portuguese foreign affairs and colonial negotiations of the late nineteenth century, especially during the Scramble for Africa. (shrink)

In this post, Teresa Marques discusses her recent article in Journal of Applied Philosophy on whether hate is an essential component of hate speech. [blog post].

“Eu Pedagoga Memoriando: depois do dito e revivido, quem sou agora ‘Amadurecida’?” completa a “trilogia” iniciada no Projeto de Experiências Criadoras na década de 90 junto a discentes e egressos de Pedagogia da Universidade do Estado da Bahia/UNEB. O vol. nº 03 se constitui como artigo conclusivo rodeando as mesmas inquietações, cuja provocação se deu na pergunta problema: “pensando em episódios como preconceito, discriminação, intolerância “qual dentre os fatos mais marcantes da sua vida acadêmica e/ou familiar, teve grande impacto e/ou (...) interferiu no rumo da sua existência?”. Para respondê-la, recorremos às narrativas autobiográficas, enfatizado o relato de uma egressa implicada com o UC’S, nomeada como ‘Amadurecida’ junto ao tensionamento de clássicos e contemporâneos, como Freire ; Marques ; Evaristo e Medeiros que nos ajudaram a compreender a sua convicção de que o processo de crescimento não se finda, e se soma a caminhada formacional que intervém como estratégia de retomada da direção que definiu para a sua vida. (shrink)

Historical studies on the relationship between science and diplomacy tend to focus on events since World War II and on initiatives for the maintenance of peace or to achieve cooperation over contentious matters. This article presents the case of José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage (1823–1907), a Portuguese zoologist who had formal diplomatic responsibilities in a context of competition for the colonization of Africa in the nineteenth century. He used his knowledge in African geography to implement colonial and diplomatic strategies that (...) aimed at outcompeting rival powers. The development of a network of actors with scientific, colonial, and diplomatic expertise was crucial for the negotiations that involved the partition of the Congo basin, which resulted in victories for Portugal that surpassed the country's marginal political relevance at the international level and had long‐lasting consequences. (shrink)

O texto seleccionado e que se apresenta agora em tradução portuguesa pode ser considerado como uma síntese exemplar das ideias de Hegel relativamente ao ensino da filosofia a nível secundário. Sobre a exposição da filosofia em Ginásios é um texto redigido como resposta a Immanuel Niethammer, na altura Conselheiro escolar da Baviera, que solicitara a Hegel uma apreciação sobre a reforma geral do sistema de ensino cuja aplicação estava em curso nas escolas bávaras e que tinha a sua expressão legal (...) no documento de 3 de Novembro de 1808, Allgemeines Normativ der Einrichtung der öffentlichen Unterrichtsanstalten [Directiva geral para a organização dos estabelecimentos públicos de ensino]. (shrink)

La filosofía moderna se ha caracterizado por un interés especial hacia el método científico. Su propuesta se ha constituido como un novum organum contra el vetus organon de Aristóteles. Sin embargo, tras cuatro siglos de esfuerzos, sólo hallamos anarquía o ineficacia en los métodos propuestos; por eso, se ha intentado una rehabilitación del método aristotélico.En el presente texto se investiga, en primer lugar, si los procedimientos cognitivos, propuestos en los Analytica, son el método de la filosofía o si, más bien, (...) describen procedimientos propios de otras ciencias; y entonces el auténtico método de la filosofía —y de la episteme en general— habría que buscarlo en los Tópicos: «El fin de este tratado es encontrar un méthodos, que nos permita argumentar […] sobre cualquier problema propuesto» (Topica, A 1, 100 a 18-21). En segundo lugar, se expone en qué consiste y cómo procede la dialéctica aristotélica como método de la filosofía, «aplicada a las ciencias filosóficas» (Topica, A 2, 101 a 26-27). (shrink)

To what extent is the form of our life fixed, i.e. is there a form of life or forms of life? How does this bear on the nature of experience? These are two Wittgensteinian questions in need of clarification. Wittgenstein on Forms of Life and the Nature of Experience sheds light on a much exploited but rarely analysed topic in Wittgenstein scholarship while addressing central themes of contemporary philosophy. Bringing together essays from some of the leading scholars in the field, (...) the book concentrates on Wittgenstein’s concept of Lebensform(en), and more specifically its evolution in the author’s thought until his death in 1951. (shrink)

The understanding of a wide array of practices related to fraud, bribery, corruption, and more widely, illicit practices have been capturing the attention of practitioners and management researchers worldwide. A substantial portion of the extant research has used university students to measure their actual or intended cheating behaviours and often studies have tested for variations across countries and cultures. We highlight some major concerns in this stream of inquiry and discuss both the definition and some inconclusive results in prior studies, (...) namely those deriving from differences in cheating behaviour across different cultural contexts. We suggest the need to examine intentionality, and further advance that intentionality may assume a reactive or a proactive essence. Depending on the social and formal contexts of different countries, both reactive and proactive intentions lead to distinct moral concerns, which we name in this work omorality (meaning ‘our morality’) or immorality (in the traditional sense). (shrink)

Ao pensar as condições de adequação para a responsabilização moral, Michelle Ciurria não discute se o agente tem controle da ação. Ela propõe que a vítima seja trazida para o centro da discussão e questiona até mesmo a ideia de que a ignorância moral do agente impede a atribuição de culpa em alguns casos. Esse desafio à condição epistêmica pode dar origem a objeções. Por isso, proponho explicar por que essa condição não é importante se levarmos a proposta de Ciurria (...) a sério, e como a influência dos esquemas de gênero na sensação de agência ajuda a mostrar isso. (shrink)

Este capítulo introduce al lector a teorías contemporáneas sobre el lenguaje dañino, y su impacto político y social. Distinguiré entre las formas directas y las formas indirectas por medio de las cuales el lenguaje puede hacer daño. El discurso puede dañar directamente a través del insulto, el lenguaje despectivo o la deshumanización. Y puede perjudicar indirectamente, por ejemplo, al socavar normas sociales y morales de manera subrepticia. La presentación que haré aquí tendrá que ser concisa e incompleta. Utilizaré el caso (...) del lenguaje peyorativo o despectivo para ilustrar cómo el lenguaje puede ser directamente dañino, y propondré que el análisis defendido para el discurso despectivo se puede extender al discurso de odio. Utilizaré además los fenómenos de los silbatos de perro y las perversiones del significado para ilustrar cómo el lenguaje puede ser indirectamente dañino. Mucho del trabajo actual sobre los efectos perjudiciales del lenguaje se debe a escritos de filósofas como Rae Langton, y empezaré con un resumen de un artículo suyo para situar la discusión. Seguidamente, el capítulo tendrá dos secciones principales: la sección 2 se dedica al lenguaje directamente dañino, y la sección 3 al lenguaje indirectamente dañino. (shrink)

Doutrina criteriológica de Lenine.--Reflexões a partir do Materialismo e empiriocriticismo.

I present a state-of-the-art Brazilian philosophy from four perspectives: essayism, historiography, decolonial thinking, and primary source research. I don't prioritize the perspectives presented or assess the viability of ideas that have been listed in my paper, as I belief that they are viable and productive. However, it’s does not mean that I do not see the shortcomings of these ideas or do not distinguish them in any way. It is merely a provocation to the reader to get closer to Brazilian (...) authors and philosophical works from the last century. Even if I believe in the viability of Brazilian philosophy, I warn: in fact, not everything that belongs to its realm is viable. After pointing out the main social, economic, and political changes of the 20th century, I list authors and works from this century that show some of the theoretical strength of Brazilian philosophy. From the four perspectives I distinguish three approaches – ufanist, academicist, and critical. Among these approaches, I consider the last one to be the best. (shrink)

Este trabajo es una reconstrucción hipotética de la desaparecida iglesia románica medieval de Samper de Calanda, que se basa en las fuentes documentales conservadas y en los materiales procedentes de su fábrica, reutilizados en la iglesia barroca actual. Destacan sendos dinteles de puerta insertos en las paredes norte y sur, cuyo diseño se debe al arquitecto Giacomo de Vignola, que fechamos en el siglo xvii. Palabras clave: iglesias románicas, iglesias barrocas, Giacomo Vignola, arquitectura renacentista, siglo XVII This work is a (...) hypothetical rebuilding of the missing medieval Romanesque church of Samper de Calanda, wich is based on preserved sources of information and material from its masonry, which have been reused in the existent church, which was built during the Baroque period. We must speak about two separate lintels in north and south walls, designed by architect Giacomo de Vignola, dated in the 17thcentury. Key words: Romanesque churches, Baroque churches, Giacomo Vignola, Renaissance architecture. (shrink)

John MacFarlane defends a radical form of truth relativism that makes the truth of assertions relative not only to contexts of utterance but also to contexts of assessment, or perspectives. Making sense of assessment-sensitive truth is a matter of making sense of the normative commitments undertaken by speakers in using assessment sensitive sentences. This paper argues against the possibility of making sense of such a practice. Evans raised a challenge to the coherence of relative truth. A modification of the challenge (...) can be given against MacFarlane’s revised views on assertion. The main objection to the relativist is that rational and earnest speakers are not bound by assessment-relative standards of correctness. (shrink)

Trata-se de considerara origem das representações fundamentais , face à crítica de Kant às idéias inatas e abstratas.Il s'agit d'examiner l'origine des représentations fondamentales face à la critique faite par Kant des idées innées et abstraites.

De acordo com o Princípio da Continuidade, adotado por Leibniz, toda mudança ocorre gradativamente, havendo sempre um grau intermediário entre dois estados quaisquer. Esse princípio parece ser, contudo, incompatível com a doutrina leibniziana acerca da natureza da autoconsciência, uma vez que Leibniz, ao menos prima facie, sustenta haver uma diferença de natureza – e não apenas de grau – entre percepções inconscientes e conscientes, fornecendo esta distinção a base para a diferenciação ontológica das mônadas entre puras enteléquias, almas e espíritos. (...) O objetivo principal do presente texto é sugerir uma forma de compatibilização do Princípio da Continuidade com a doutrina leibniziana da autoconsciência. (shrink)

Este artigo centra-se na hipótese dos portugueses de Angola e de Moçambique (nascidos nesses territórios ultramarinos ou neles domiciliados) não se terem sentido repatriados nem retornados à pátria de nacionalidade, por terem sido forçados a deixar as duas antigas colónias antes das respectivas independências devido ao estado de violento conflito armado em Angola e de emergência social vigente em Moçambique. O acelerado processo de descolonização e a transferência de poderes para os governantes africanos tornou insustentável a permanência da esmagadora maioria (...) dos ex-colonos. Muitos nacionais que deixaram a África portuguesa assumiram-se (e alguns ainda se assumem) como deslo-cados de guerra, transportados involuntariamente para um país com o qual tinham poucas ou nenhumas afinidades. Não se sentiram repatriados, mas “outsiders”, como estrangeiros indesejados numa nação que, falando a mesma língua e aplicando a mesma legislação, lhes era estranha nos costumes e na mentalidade. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aclarar algunos conceptos sobre desarrollo local a escala humana, a través una revisión bibliográfica. Para este propósito el trabajo está conformado de dos partes: conceptos sobre desarrollo local, y desarrollo local y su semántica. En la primera parte se aborda el desarrollo local en sentido etimológico, semántico, de espacio, de territorio, de comunidad, lugar y paisaje. En la segunda parte se presentan los supuestos y datos históricos, variaciones semánticas, factores endógenos y exógenos y el (...) sentido de sustentabilidad. El estudio sobre escala humana está sometido a las demás partes. (shrink)

Neste texto pretende-se sintetizar os fundamentos a priori do principio da autonomia de Kant, decifrando o seu sentido e valor gnoseologicos desde a Critica da Razao Pratica ate aos Fundamentos da Metafisica dos Costumes.